# Verification register Every rule the software applies is one unit of Ontario law, written out in plain English exactly as the code implements it, with its sources and worked examples. I verify each rule myself, against its sources, before anything that relies on it is published. The verification is tied to a hash of the statement, the sources and the examples: if any of them changes, the rule needs verifying again. A law-change watcher checks the sources for amendments. When one changes, the rules that cite it go stale, and every answer that relied on them is marked superseded. ## Check an answer Every run returns a receipt signed with the site’s Ed25519 key (JWS, EdDSA). It records the operation, hashes of the facts and the answer, and each rule’s version and verification status. Verify it offline against /.well-known/jwks.json or with POST /api/v1/receipts/verify. ## Follow the changes The register’s Atom feed lists each rule as I verify it and each rule sent back for a new check: https://mithril.law/verify/feed.xml. Each rule also has a permanent address for each version: https://mithril.law/verify/{rule id}@v{version}. Agents can subscribe to the `rule.changed` and `run.superseded` webhooks. ## Rules ### Startup and corporate - No auditor (`corporate/audit-exemption`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). A corporation that is not an offering corporation (Ontario) or a distributing corporation (federal) may go without an auditor when all its shareholders consent in writing: in Ontario for the financial year consented to; federally by a resolution not to appoint an auditor, valid until the next annual meeting, consented to by every shareholder including non-voting shareholders. The software treats founders' companies as neither offering nor distributing. If any shareholder does not consent, an auditor must be appointed and the software hands the matter to a lawyer. - Business Corporations Act, s. 148: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 163: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Annual shareholder business deadline (`corporate/deadlines/annual-meeting`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The annual shareholder business (a meeting, or written resolutions signed by all voting shareholders in its place) must be done the first time within 18 months after incorporation, and after that within 15 months after the last one (federal: and within six months after the end of the preceding financial year). Because the financial statements placed before it must end no more than six months before it, the software also requires it within six months after the financial year end being reported, and gives the earlier date. Months land on the same day number, or the last day of a shorter month. The financial statements go to each shareholder who has not opted out at least 10 days (Ontario) or 21 days (federal) before that date. - Business Corporations Act, s. 94: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 154: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 133: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 142: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 155: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 159: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Annual return deadline (`corporate/deadlines/annual-return`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Ontario: the annual return is due when the corporation's federal tax return is due for its last completed tax year, six months after the year end: if the year ends on the last day of a month, by the last day of the sixth month after; otherwise by the same day of the sixth month after, or that month's last day if it is shorter. The software treats the fiscal year end as the tax year end, opens the filing the day after the year end, and does not move the date for weekends or holidays; filing in the Ontario Business Registry is free. Federal: the annual return is due within 60 days after each anniversary of incorporation, starting the year after incorporation, cannot be filed before the anniversary, and costs CAD 12 online. - Corporations Information Act, s. 3.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c39 (current to 2026-09-18) - Corporations Information Act General Regulation, O. Reg. 400/21, s. 3: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/210400 (current to 2026-09-18) - Income Tax Act, s. 150(1)(a): https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-3.3/section-150.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Revenue Agency, When to file your corporation income tax return: https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/businesses/topics/corporations/corporation-income-tax-return/when-file-your-corporation-income-tax-return.html (version of 2025-05-26) - Notice – Corporations Information Act – Filing an Annual Return: https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00229 (version of 2025-02-01) - ServiceOntario, Ontario Business Registry: https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-business-registry (version of 2026-09-22) - ServiceOntario, Cost and time required to register, change or search for a business name, corporation or not-for-profit: https://www.ontario.ca/page/cost-time-required-to-register-change-search-for-business-name-corporation-not-for-profit (version of 2026-04-01) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 263: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Corporations Canada, Policy on annual filings – Canada Business Corporations Act: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/policy-annual-filings-canada-business-corporations-act (version of 2026-02-25) - Corporations Canada, Services, fees and processing times: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/services-fees-and-processing-times (version of 2025-05-06) - Initial return deadline (`corporate/deadlines/initial-return`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). An Ontario corporation files its initial return within 60 days after the date of incorporation. A federal corporation that carries on business in Ontario files an Ontario initial return within 60 days after it begins to carry on business in Ontario. The software gives the start date plus 60 days and does not move it for weekends or holidays. Filing is free. - Corporations Information Act, s. 2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c39 (current to 2026-09-18) - Corporations Information Act, s. 3: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c39 (current to 2026-09-18) - Notice – Corporations Information Act – Filing an Initial Return and Notice of Change – Ontario Corporations: https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00230 (version of 2025-02-01) - Notice – Corporations Information Act – Filing an Initial Return and Notice of Change – Extra-Provincial Corporations: https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00231 (version of 2021-10-19) - ServiceOntario, Cost and time required to register, change or search for a business name, corporation or not-for-profit: https://www.ontario.ca/page/cost-time-required-to-register-change-search-for-business-name-corporation-not-for-profit (version of 2026-04-01) - Who can be a director (`corporate/directors/qualifications`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Before preparing any document that names a director, the software requires confirmation that each director is at least 18, has not been found incapable of managing property or declared incapable by a court, and is not bankrupt. Directors are entered as individuals only. If there is no director, or any director is not confirmed, it prepares nothing and says which director is not confirmed. - Business Corporations Act, s. 118: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 115: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 105: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 102: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Resident Canadian directors (`corporate/directors/residency`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Ontario corporations have no resident Canadian director requirement. A federal corporation needs at least one resident Canadian director if it has fewer than four directors, and otherwise at least 25 per cent of its directors, rounded up to a whole director. The software does not apply the stricter federal rule for corporations in sectors with Canadian ownership requirements (CBCA s. 105(3.1)). - Business Corporations Act, s. 118: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Notice – Business Corporations Act – Incorporating a Business Corporation (Notice – BCA 1-002): https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00224 (version of 2025-02-01) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 105: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 2: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 114: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Annual resolutions (`corporate/documents/annual-resolutions`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For a financial year the software prepares written resolutions of all the directors (approving the financial statements and authorizing a director to sign them, sending them to shareholders by the date from the annual meeting rule, appointing officers, recording the review of the register of individuals with significant control, and authorizing the annual return by its due date) and of all the shareholders in place of the annual meeting (receiving the financial statements, electing directors until the next annual meeting, and, if every shareholder agrees, consenting to no auditor: in Ontario for the year ended and the current year, federally until the next annual meeting). The examples pin the text for a fixed set of facts by SHA-256 hash. - Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 119: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 129: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 133: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 148: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 154: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 159: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 106: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 117: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 121: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 142: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 158: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 159: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 163: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - General By-law No. 1 (`corporate/documents/general-by-law`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). General By-law No. 1 is generated from a fixed text for each jurisdiction (lib/areas/corporate/documents/bylaw.ts), written for Mithril from the statute, with only the corporation's name filled in. The examples pin the exact text by its SHA-256 hash, so any change to the text re-opens verification. - Business Corporations Act, s. 116: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 126: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 129: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 132: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 133: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 134: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 136: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 94: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 96: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 101: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 110: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 103: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 114: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 117: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 120: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 124: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 132: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 135: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 139: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 142: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 148: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Regulations, 2001, SOR/2001-512, s. 44: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2001-512/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Share issuance documents (`corporate/documents/issuance-resolution`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For a share issuance the software prepares a written resolution of all the directors accepting each subscription at the stated price, determining the consideration (or, for property or past services, the money equivalent and that the property or services are worth at least that), issuing the shares once fully paid, adding the consideration to stated capital and updating the registers, and recording the disclosure of any director who subscribes; when a director subscribes, a written resolution of the existing shareholders approving the issue; one subscription and one share certificate per subscriber; and the updated securities register. The example pins the text for a fixed set of facts by SHA-256 hash. - Business Corporations Act, s. 23: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 24: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 129: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 132: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 141: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 25: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 26: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 117: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 120: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 142: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 50: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Organizational resolutions and incorporation documents (`corporate/documents/organizational-resolutions`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). At incorporation the software prepares written resolutions for signature by all the directors (recording that directors who subscribe have disclosed that interest, making the by-law, adopting the records and share certificate form, accepting each subscription and issuing the shares once fully paid with the consideration added to stated capital, appointing officers, fixing the financial year end, banking, and authorizing government filings) and by all the shareholders (confirming the by-law; fixing the number of directors, in Ontario by special resolution that also lets the directors set the number within the articles' range, federally by ordinary resolution; and, if chosen, consenting to no auditor for the first financial year), with one subscription per shareholder, one consent per director, one share certificate per shareholder, the registers and the minute book index. The examples pin the text of these documents for a fixed set of facts by SHA-256 hash. - Business Corporations Act, s. 117: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 129: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 116: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 125: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 132: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 148: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 119: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 54: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 55: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 56: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 23: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 24: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 120: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 104: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 117: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 142: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 103: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 163: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 106: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 49: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 25: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 26: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Total cost of incorporating (`corporate/fees/incorporation`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The total is the government fees plus Mithril's incorporation package (CAD 399, from the catalog). Ontario: articles filed online CAD 300 and the initial return CAD 0. Federal: articles filed online CAD 200 and Ontario's extra-provincial initial return CAD 0. Not in the total, and listed separately: the Ontario-biased Nuans report needed for an Ontario word name (private providers set its price) and registration fees in other provinces when the business will operate outside Ontario. The optional federal express service (CAD 100) is not included. - ServiceOntario, Cost and time required to register, change or search for a business name, corporation or not-for-profit: https://www.ontario.ca/page/cost-time-required-to-register-change-search-for-business-name-corporation-not-for-profit (version of 2026-04-01) - Corporations Canada, Services, fees and processing times: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/services-fees-and-processing-times (version of 2025-05-06) - Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Nuans – Provincial/territorial report: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/nuans-corporate-name-trademark-reports/en/nuansr-provincialterritorial-report (version of 2025-07-09) - Notice – Business Corporations Act – Incorporating a Business Corporation (Notice – BCA 1-002): https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00224 (version of 2025-02-01) - Corporations Canada, Register a federal corporation in a province or territory: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/register-federal-corporation-province-or-territory (version of 2022-06-26) - Name search and legal ending (`corporate/incorporation/name`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). An Ontario corporation with a word name needs an Ontario-biased Nuans name search report dated no more than 90 days before the articles are filed; a numbered name needs none. A federal online incorporation needs no separate Nuans report because the name search is part of the online process. A word name must include a legal ending as a separate word: Limited, Limitée, Incorporated, Incorporée, Corporation, Ltd., Ltée, Inc. or Corp. (a federal name may also use Société par actions de régime fédéral or S.A.R.F.). - Business Corporations Act, s. 10: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 10: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Notice – Business Corporations Act – Incorporating a Business Corporation (Notice – BCA 1-002): https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00224 (version of 2025-02-01) - Corporations Canada, Services, fees and processing times: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/services-fees-and-processing-times (version of 2025-05-06) - Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Nuans – Provincial/territorial report: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/nuans-corporate-name-trademark-reports/en/nuansr-provincialterritorial-report (version of 2025-07-09) - How long incorporation takes (`corporate/incorporation/timing`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Ontario articles filed online are processed immediately, and the founder may ask for an effective date up to 30 days after filing; for a start date more than 30 days away the software says to file no earlier than 30 days before it. Federal articles filed online take 1 business day. - ServiceOntario, Cost and time required to register, change or search for a business name, corporation or not-for-profit: https://www.ontario.ca/page/cost-time-required-to-register-change-search-for-business-name-corporation-not-for-profit (version of 2026-04-01) - Notice – Business Corporations Act – Incorporating a Business Corporation (Notice – BCA 1-002): https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00224 (version of 2025-02-01) - Corporations Canada, Services, fees and processing times: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/services-fees-and-processing-times (version of 2025-05-06) - Keeping the register of individuals with significant control (`corporate/isc/register`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The register records, for each individual with significant control: name, date of birth, latest known address (Ontario) or residential address, address for service if given and citizenship (federal), jurisdiction of residence for tax purposes, the dates they became and ceased to be one, how they have significant control, and the steps taken to identify them and keep it up to date. The corporation reviews it at least once each financial year and records new information within 15 days. Federal corporations send the information to Corporations Canada at incorporation, with each annual return, and within 15 days after recording a change, at no fee. Ontario corporations file nothing about it, because the Ontario return (Corporations Information Act s. 6.1) is not in force. - Business Corporations Act, s. 140.2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 140: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 145: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Corporations Information Act, s. 6.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c39 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 21.1: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 21.21: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Corporations Canada, Individuals with significant control: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/individuals-significant-control (version of 2026-03-30) - Corporations Canada, Policy on annual filings – Canada Business Corporations Act: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/policy-annual-filings-canada-business-corporations-act (version of 2026-02-25) - Corporations Canada, Services, fees and processing times: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/services-fees-and-processing-times (version of 2025-05-06) - Individuals with significant control (`corporate/isc/test`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). An individual has significant control if they are the registered holder or beneficial owner of, or have direct or indirect control or direction over, shares carrying 25% or more of the votes of all outstanding voting shares or equal to 25% or more of all outstanding shares by fair market value; if they hold such a number jointly, or under an agreement to exercise rights jointly or in concert (in Ontario also as related persons); or if they have influence that would result in control in fact. Shares held by a corporation, trust or nominee count in full for each individual named as controlling or directing them. Value per share is the value given for each class; at incorporation, with one class, every share counts equally. The 25% test uses exact numbers; percentages are shown rounded down to two decimals. Control in fact and acting together come from the founder's answers, not from the software. - Business Corporations Act, s. 1.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 2.1: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Corporations Canada, Individuals with significant control: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/individuals-significant-control (version of 2026-03-30) - Ontario or federal incorporation (`corporate/jurisdiction/choice`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The software recommends where to incorporate, treating every founder as a director. If the business will operate only in Ontario, it recommends an Ontario corporation. If it will operate in more than one province or outside Canada, it recommends a federal corporation, unless the founders would not meet the federal resident Canadian director rule (at least one resident Canadian director if there are fewer than four directors, otherwise at least 25 per cent), in which case it recommends Ontario, which has no residency rule. For a federal word name it adds that, once approved, the name may be used across Canada. - Business Corporations Act, s. 118: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Notice – Business Corporations Act – Incorporating a Business Corporation (Notice – BCA 1-002): https://forms.mgcs.gov.on.ca/en/dataset/on00224 (version of 2025-02-01) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 105: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 2: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Corporations Canada, How to incorporate a business: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/how-incorporate-business (version of 2026-02-25) - Corporations Canada, Register a federal corporation in a province or territory: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/register-federal-corporation-province-or-territory (version of 2022-06-26) - When the plan needs a lawyer (`corporate/plan/boundary`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The incorporation plan is automated (the founder can buy the incorporation package) unless any of these is true, in which case it needs a lawyer: two or more founders have no shareholder agreement; the founders want anything other than a single class of common shares; or they expect to raise money from investors within 12 months. It names each reason. - Business Corporations Act, s. 22: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 6: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Securities Act, s. 53: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90s05 (current to 2026-09-18) - What the minute book holds (`corporate/records/minute-book`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The minute book index lists, in this order: articles and certificate; by-laws; any unanimous shareholder agreement; shareholder minutes and resolutions; director minutes and resolutions; register of directors; register of officers; securities register; register of transfers; register of individuals with significant control; for Ontario, register of ownership interests in land in Ontario; consents to act as director; subscriptions and share certificate copies; government filings; financial statements and audit exemption consents; and accounting records kept at least six years. At incorporation the software produces the registers of directors, officers, securities, transfers and significant control, and for Ontario the land register. - Business Corporations Act, s. 140: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 140.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 141: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 20: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 50: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Issuing shares (`corporate/shares/issuance`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Shares are issued by resolution of the directors at the price they set, and only once fully paid in money, or in property or past services the directors determine are worth at least the money the corporation would otherwise have received. The total consideration is the number of shares times the price per share (up to six decimals), which must come to a whole number of cents; it is added to the stated capital account for the class. The issue is recorded in the securities register with the holder's name and address, the number and class, and the date and particulars of issue. - Business Corporations Act, s. 23: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 24: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 141: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 25: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 26: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 50: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - When a share issuance needs a lawyer (`corporate/shares/issuance-review`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Before an issuance, the software hands the matter to a lawyer if a subscriber is not already a shareholder, director or officer (issuing shares to them may be a distribution needing a prospectus or an exemption under securities law, which the software does not decide), if the corporation will have two or more shareholders and no shareholder agreement, if the articles give existing shareholders pre-emptive rights, or if there is a unanimous shareholder agreement. It also warns, without handing off, when consideration is not money, when a director is a subscriber (the director discloses the interest in the resolution and the existing shareholders are asked to approve the issue), and when a different holder will have a majority of the votes. Otherwise the directors and subscribers only need to sign. - Securities Act, s. 53: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90s05 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 23: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Business Corporations Act, s. 132: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90b16 (current to 2026-09-18) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 25: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) - Canada Business Corporations Act, s. 120: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44/ (current to 2026-09-03) ### Criminal defence - After an arrest: taken before a justice within 24 hours (`criminal/arrest/before-a-justice`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). What happens right after an arrest when the person is held. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - arrest.before_justice [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police"]: "The police must either release you or take you before a justice of the peace. If a justice is available, that must happen without unreasonable delay and within 24 hours of the arrest. If no justice is available within 24 hours, it must happen as soon as possible." (Criminal Code, s. 503(1)) - arrest.police_release [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police"]: "For most charges, the police can still release you before then, with an appearance notice or an undertaking, once they are satisfied that holding you is no longer necessary." (Criminal Code, s. 503(1.1)) - arrest.weekend_bail_court [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police"]: "The Ontario Court of Justice runs bail courts on weekends and statutory holidays, so a hearing can still happen within 24 hours of a weekend or holiday arrest." (Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - Criminal Code, s. 503: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-503.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/criminal-court/going-to-court/stepbystep/ (version of 2024-08-07) - Bail hearing: release first, the ladder principle, and review (`criminal/bail/hearing`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). What happens at a bail hearing, and the person's rights there. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - bail.hearing [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "At the bail hearing, a justice of the peace or a judge decides whether you are released until the case is over, and on what terms. Duty counsel or your own lawyer speaks for you." (Criminal Code, s. 515; Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - bail.adjournment [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "The hearing can be adjourned, but not for more than three clear days unless you agree." (Criminal Code, s. 516) - bail.review [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "If you are held, or released on terms you cannot live with, you can apply to a judge to review the order." (Criminal Code, s. 520(1)) - bail.reasonable_bail [Your rights; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "You have the right not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause." (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 11(e)) - bail.release_default [Your rights; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "For most charges, the starting point is release without conditions. The Crown has to show why you should be held, or why a stricter form of release is needed." (Criminal Code, s. 515(1)) - bail.reverse_onus [Your rights; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "For some charges and situations listed in the Criminal Code, this is reversed: you have to show why you should not be held, by clearly showing that your release plan deals with the risks." (Criminal Code, s. 515(6)) - bail.ladder [Your rights; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "Release comes first, at the earliest reasonable opportunity and on the least onerous conditions that fit your circumstances. In most cases the justice starts at the least onerous form of release and can move to a stricter one only if the Crown shows the less onerous one is not enough. This is called the ladder principle." (Criminal Code, s. 493.1; Criminal Code, s. 515(2.01); R. v. Antic, 2017 SCC 27, para. 67) - bail.grounds [Your rights; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "Holding someone until trial is justified only to make sure they come to court, to protect the public, or to maintain confidence in the administration of justice." (Criminal Code, s. 515(10)) - bail.release_plan [What to do now; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "Before the hearing, tell your lawyer or duty counsel where you would live and who could support or supervise you. That is your release plan. Do not talk about the charges at the hearing." (Legal Aid Ontario, Bail hearings) - Criminal Code, s. 515: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-515.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/criminal-court/going-to-court/stepbystep/ (version of 2024-08-07) - Criminal Code, s. 516: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-516.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Criminal Code, s. 520: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-520.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 11: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html#s-11 - Criminal Code, s. 493.1: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-493.1.html (current to 2026-09-03) - R. v. Antic, 2017 SCC 27: https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16649/index.do (decided 2017-06-01) - Legal Aid Ontario, Bail hearings: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/bail-hearings/ (version of 2026-05-26) - Disclosure: the Crown's duty to share its case (information only) (`criminal/disclosure`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The Crown's disclosure duty, as information. Nothing here tracks, requests or analyses disclosure. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - disclosure.duty [Your rights; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice" or "First court date is set" or "Already had a first court appearance"]: "Once you are charged, the Crown must give you everything it has about your case, whether it helps or hurts its case, unless it is clearly irrelevant or privileged. This is called disclosure." (R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 SCR 326; Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - disclosure.timing [Your rights; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice" or "First court date is set" or "Already had a first court appearance"]: "The first part of disclosure should come before you are asked to choose how you will be tried, or to plead." (R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 SCR 326) - disclosure.request [What to do now; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice" or "First court date is set"]: "Before your first appearance, ask the Crown Attorney's office for your initial disclosure. Give them your full name, date of birth, your charges, the police occurrence number from your release papers, and your email, phone number and mailing address." (Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - disclosure.before_plea [What not to do; When the stage is "Already had a first court appearance"]: "Do not decide how to plead until a lawyer has gone through the disclosure with you." (R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 SCR 326) - R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 SCR 326: https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/808/index.do (decided 1991-11-07) - Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/criminal-court/going-to-court/stepbystep/ (version of 2024-08-07) - How urgent is it: custody and court dates (`criminal/intake/urgency`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The urgency of a criminal matter is worked out from the facts given, in this order. It is a scheduling decision only and says nothing about the case itself. 1. Someone is in custody now: immediate. 2. A bail hearing is 0, 1 or 2 days away (today, tomorrow or the day after): immediate. 3. A date given has already passed: immediate. 4. The next court date, or a bail hearing, is 0 to 7 days away: soon. 5. Otherwise: standard. Days are counted from today's date in Ontario (America/Toronto) on the day of the run, unless the input gives today's date. Immediate: the next action is a call with me now (book a call). Soon or standard: book a consultation. When a next court date is given, "What happens next" also shows the line "Your next court date is , ." or, if it has passed, "The court date you gave, , has passed. If it was missed, call a lawyer today." - Criminal Code, s. 503: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-503.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Criminal Code, s. 516: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-516.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Criminal Code, s. 145: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-145.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Legal aid for a criminal charge: who qualifies and how to apply (`criminal/legal-aid/apply`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). How to apply to Legal Aid Ontario for a criminal certificate. Items in the section 'Getting a lawyer' are shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next); the others by "The legal aid path" (criminal.legal_aid_path). Each line appears word for word when its condition holds. 'In custody' means the person says they are in custody, or the stage is arrested and held or waiting for a bail hearing. - legal_aid.summary [Getting a lawyer; Always]: "Legal Aid Ontario may pay for a lawyer if you qualify financially and you are charged with a crime that could send you to jail, or you are 12 to 17 and charged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act. Apply by phone at 1-800-668-8258 (toll-free) or 416-979-1446 (Greater Toronto Area), Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern." (Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues; Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.summary_custody [Getting a lawyer; The person is in custody]: "If you are in a jail or detention centre, ask the legal aid worker there to help you apply." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.coverage [Who qualifies; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Legal Aid Ontario may pay for your lawyer if you qualify financially and you are charged with a crime that could send you to jail if you are found guilty, or you are 12 to 17 and charged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act." (Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues; Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 4; Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 7(1)) - legal_aid.phone [What to do now; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Apply by phone: 1-800-668-8258 (toll-free) or 416-979-1446 (Greater Toronto Area), Monday to Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern. TTY: 711." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.custody [What to do now; The person is in custody, and no legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "In a jail or detention centre, ask the legal aid worker there. If you are detained at a provincial jail, you can also call Legal Aid Ontario's Inmate Direct Line: 866-883-9665 (toll-free) or 416-649-2531 (Toronto)." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?; Legal Aid Ontario, Where can provincial inmates apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.through_lawyer [What to do now; The person is not in custody, and no legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Out of custody, a lawyer who does legal aid work can start the application for you. I can." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?; Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court) - legal_aid.online [What to do now; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Some people can apply online through Legal Aid Ontario's Client Portal, for example people who own no property and receive Ontario Works or ODSP." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.what_you_need [What to do now; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "You will need to know what you are charged with. If the police did not tell you, get your disclosure from the Crown Attorney's office. Have proof of any income ready, such as pay stubs, social assistance stubs or employment insurance statements." (Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues; Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) - legal_aid.court_soon [What to do now; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "If your court date is within five business days, talk to duty counsel at that courthouse first. If it is further away, call Legal Aid Ontario with your disclosure." (Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues) - legal_aid.decision_time [What happens next; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Legal Aid Ontario can take up to five business days to decide once it has your information, longer if the case is complicated." (Legal Aid Ontario, How long after I send in my documents does it take to get a legal aid decision?) - legal_aid.financial_limits [Who qualifies; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "Legal Aid Ontario's published income limits for a criminal certificate: family income must be lower than CAD 45,440 for a family of 1 to 4 people, and lower than CAD 50,803 for a family of 5. Its published asset limit for criminal certificates is CAD 15,000. If you have income or property, it may ask you to repay some or all of the fees under a contribution agreement. Legal Aid Ontario decides." (Legal Aid Ontario, Will legal aid pay for my lawyer?; Legal Aid Ontario, Legal Aid Ontario raising financial eligibility for duty counsel and criminal certificate services (January 28, 2025); Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?) Income comparison (criminal.legal_aid_path, only when both family size and family income are given): the published limit is CAD 45,440 for a family of 1, 2, 3 or 4 and CAD 50,803 for a family of 5. The answer is 'under the published limit' when income is lower than the limit, and 'not under the published limit' when it is equal or higher. For a family of 6 or more no limit is shown, because the published table stops at 5. This is information, not Legal Aid Ontario's decision: it also looks at assets, contributions and whether jail is a real risk. - Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/services/criminal-legal-issues/ (version of 2025-06-05) - Legal Aid Ontario, How do I apply for legal aid?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/services/how-do-i-apply-for-legal-aid/ (version of 2026-06-18) - Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/20l11 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 7: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/20l11 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legal Aid Ontario, Where can provincial inmates apply for legal aid?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/where-can-provincial-inmates-apply-for-legal-aid/ (version of 2026-04-29) - Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/what-to-do-before-your-first-appearance-at-criminal-court/ (version of 2026-05-01) - Legal Aid Ontario, How long after I send in my documents does it take to get a legal aid decision?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/how-long-after-i-send-in-my-documents-does-it-take-to-get-a-legal-aid-decision/ (version of 2026-04-22) - Legal Aid Ontario, Will legal aid pay for my lawyer?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/will-legal-aid-pay-for-my-lawyer/ (version of 2026-09-21) - Legal Aid Ontario, Legal Aid Ontario raising financial eligibility for duty counsel and criminal certificate services (January 28, 2025): https://www.legalaid.on.ca/news/legal-aid-ontario-raising-financial-eligibility-for-duty-counsel-and-criminal-certificate-services/ (version of 2025-01-28) - The legal aid certificate, and what to send me (`criminal/legal-aid/certificate`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). What a legal aid certificate is, that I accept certificates for criminal defence (D3), and what to send me once one is issued. Shown by "The legal aid path" (criminal.legal_aid_path), word for word when each condition holds. - certificate.what [What happens next; Always]: "A legal aid certificate confirms that Legal Aid Ontario will cover the cost of a private lawyer who accepts legal aid work, for a set number of hours. Legal Aid Ontario pays the lawyer directly; you do not pay them." (Legal Aid Ontario, Will legal aid pay for my lawyer?; Legal Aid Ontario, Working with your lawyer) - certificate.i_accept [Getting a lawyer; Always]: "I accept legal aid certificates for criminal defence." (Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 5(2); Legal Aid Ontario, Will legal aid pay for my lawyer?) - certificate.name_me [Getting a lawyer; No legal aid certificate has been issued yet]: "If you want me as your lawyer, name me, Jonathan Kleiman, when you apply. Legal Aid Ontario then notifies me through its lawyer portal." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I let legal aid know who my lawyer is?; Legal Aid Ontario, How does my lawyer receive the certificate?) - certificate.send_numbers [What to do now; Always]: "Once your certificate is issued, send me your Legal Aid Ontario client number and certificate number. I will let Legal Aid Ontario know I am acting for you." (Legal Aid Ontario, How do I let legal aid know who my lawyer is?) - certificate.send_papers [What to do now; Always]: "Send me as well: your next court date and courthouse, your release papers, and any disclosure you have." (Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court) - certificate.choose_carefully [What not to do; Always]: "Do not pick a lawyer in a hurry: Legal Aid Ontario rarely lets you change lawyers." (Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court) - Legal Aid Ontario, Will legal aid pay for my lawyer?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/will-legal-aid-pay-for-my-lawyer/ (version of 2026-09-21) - Legal Aid Ontario, Working with your lawyer: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/working-with-your-lawyer/ (version of 2025-03-13) - Legal Aid Services Act, 2020, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/20l11 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legal Aid Ontario, How do I let legal aid know who my lawyer is?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/how-do-i-let-legal-aid-know-who-my-lawyer-is/ (version of 2026-04-22) - Legal Aid Ontario, How does my lawyer receive the certificate?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/how-does-my-lawyer-receive-the-certificate/ (version of 2026-04-29) - Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/what-to-do-before-your-first-appearance-at-criminal-court/ (version of 2026-05-01) - Release conditions and court dates: keep them exactly (`criminal/release/conditions-and-court-dates`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Release conditions and attending court. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - court.first_appearance [What happens next; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice" or "First court date is set"]: "Your first appearance is in case management court. It is not your trial: no guilty pleas, preliminary inquiries or trials happen there." (Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - conditions.must_be_reasonable [Your rights; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "Bail conditions must be clearly stated, few in number, necessary, reasonable, the least onerous in the circumstances, and linked to the risks the Criminal Code lists." (R. v. Zora, 2020 SCC 14, para. 6) - conditions.read_papers [What to do now; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)"]: "Read your release papers today and keep a copy with you. If a condition is impossible to follow, do not break it. Call a lawyer: conditions can be changed with the Crown's consent or on a review." (Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step; Criminal Code, s. 520) - court.attend [What to do now; Always]: "Go to every court date, at the time and place on your papers, and arrive at least 30 minutes early." (Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court) - court.fingerprints [What to do now; When the stage is "Given a summons or an appearance notice"]: "If your papers also give a date and place to have your fingerprints and photograph taken, go to that too. Missing it without a lawful excuse is also an offence." (Criminal Code, s. 145(3)) - court.bring_papers [What to do now; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice" or "First court date is set"]: "Bring every paper the police gave you, anything you think matters to your case, and proof of your income if you will apply for legal aid." (Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court) - conditions.keep_exactly [What not to do; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing"]: "If you are released with conditions, keep every one exactly as written until a court changes it. Breaking a condition without a lawful excuse is a separate criminal offence, and you can be arrested again." (Criminal Code, s. 145(4), (5); Legal Aid Ontario, Bail hearings; Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - court.dont_miss [What not to do; Always]: "Do not miss court. Missing a court date without a lawful excuse is a separate criminal offence, and a warrant can be issued for your arrest." (Criminal Code, s. 145(2)-(4); Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/criminal-court/going-to-court/stepbystep/ (version of 2024-08-07) - R. v. Zora, 2020 SCC 14: https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/18391/index.do (decided 2020-06-18) - Criminal Code, s. 520: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-520.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Legal Aid Ontario, What to do before your first appearance at criminal court: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/what-to-do-before-your-first-appearance-at-criminal-court/ (version of 2026-05-01) - Criminal Code, s. 145: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-145.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Legal Aid Ontario, Bail hearings: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/bail-hearings/ (version of 2026-05-26) - The right to a lawyer, the right to silence, and duty counsel (`criminal/rights/counsel`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The right to a lawyer and to silence, and free help at the courthouse. 'In custody' means the stage is arrested and held, or waiting for a bail hearing. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - counsel.right [Your rights; Always]: "When you are arrested or detained, you have the right to be told promptly why, to speak to a lawyer without delay, and to be told that you have that right." (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 10(a), (b)) - counsel.youth_right [Your rights; The person charged is a youth (12 to 17)]: "A young person has the right to a lawyer at every stage and must be told so on arrest. If a young person wants a lawyer but cannot get one, the court must refer them to legal aid, and can direct that a lawyer be appointed." (Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 25(1), (2), (4)) - counsel.ask_officer [What to do now; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police"]: "Tell the officer you want to speak to a lawyer. The officer will call a lawyer you can speak to by phone." (Legal Aid Ontario, Where can I speak to a lawyer about my rights?) - counsel.stay_silent [What not to do; Always]: "Do not talk about what happened with anyone except your lawyer: not the police, not anyone else involved, not friends or family, and not by text, phone or online. You have the right to remain silent." (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 10(b); Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal charge process) - counsel.duty_counsel [Getting a lawyer; Always]: "Duty counsel are lawyers from Legal Aid Ontario at the courthouse. If you qualify, they can help at no cost: advice about your rights, your bail hearing, an adjournment, a guilty plea, and referrals. Duty counsel are your lawyer for that day only." (Legal Aid Ontario, What are duty counsel?; Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues) - counsel.duty_counsel_custody [Getting a lawyer; The person is in custody]: "If you are in custody, you are considered eligible for duty counsel, and duty counsel are in bail court every day." (Legal Aid Ontario, What is the financial eligibility threshold for duty counsel services?; Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step) - counsel.duty_counsel_youth [Getting a lawyer; The person charged is a youth (12 to 17)]: "Young people are considered eligible for duty counsel. A young person, a parent or a legal guardian can call Legal Aid Ontario about a lawyer." (Legal Aid Ontario, What is the financial eligibility threshold for duty counsel services?; Legal Aid Ontario, Youth legal services) - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 10: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html#s-10 - Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 25: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/section-25.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Legal Aid Ontario, Where can I speak to a lawyer about my rights?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/where-can-i-speak-to-a-lawyer-about-my-rights/ (version of 2026-04-22) - Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal charge process: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/criminal-charge-process/ (version of 2026-05-01) - Legal Aid Ontario, What are duty counsel?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/what-are-duty-counsel/ (version of 2026-05-26) - Legal Aid Ontario, Criminal legal issues: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/services/criminal-legal-issues/ (version of 2025-06-05) - Legal Aid Ontario, What is the financial eligibility threshold for duty counsel services?: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/faq/what-is-the-financial-eligibility-threshold-for-duty-counsel-services/ (version of 2026-05-26) - Ontario Court of Justice, A criminal case: step-by-step: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/criminal-court/going-to-court/stepbystep/ (version of 2024-08-07) - Legal Aid Ontario, Youth legal services: https://www.legalaid.on.ca/services/youth-legal-services/ (version of 2025-06-14) - Young people (12 to 17): notice to parents and bail (`criminal/youth`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). What is different for a young person charged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act. Shown by "What happens next" (criminal.what_happens_next). Each line below appears word for word, in its section, when its condition holds. - youth.parent_notice_custody [What happens next; When the stage is "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing", and the person charged is a youth (12 to 17)]: "The police must tell a parent, as soon as possible, that you have been arrested and are being held, where, and why. If no parent is available, they can tell another adult relative, or another adult you know who is likely to help." (Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 26(1), (4)) - youth.parent_notice_papers [What happens next; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Given a summons or an appearance notice", and the person charged is a youth (12 to 17)]: "A parent must be given written notice of your summons, appearance notice or undertaking, as soon as possible." (Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 26(2)) - youth.bail [Your rights; When the stage is "Released with conditions (an undertaking or a release order)" or "Arrested and still held by the police" or "In custody, waiting for a bail hearing", and the person charged is a youth (12 to 17)]: "The Criminal Code's bail rules apply to young people, with changes. A young person can be held until trial only in the limited cases the Youth Criminal Justice Act sets out, and the Crown has to prove them. Release conditions must be necessary, reasonable, and something you can reasonably comply with." (Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 28; Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 29(1)-(3)) - Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 26: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/section-26.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 28: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/section-28.html (current to 2026-09-03) - Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 29: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-1.5/section-29.html (current to 2026-09-03) ### Employment - Clause check: “at any time”, “sole discretion”, “for any reason” (`employment/clauses/at-any-time-wording`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). When the clause says 'at any time', 'sole discretion' or 'for any reason': a note, not a defect, if the wording refers to the ESA, employment standards legislation, 'statutory' or 'the Act', because the Court of Appeal held these words, read in a contract that shows an intent to give the ESA minimums, do not conflict with the ESA (Baker, paras. 47, 53, 61-62). Otherwise a possible issue: the Superior Court held such wording void in Dufault (2024 ONSC 1029, para. 46), the Court of Appeal did not decide that point on appeal (2024 ONCA 915, para. 25), and Baker reads the words in the context of the whole contract, which the check cannot see. - Baker v. Van Dolder's Home Team Inc., 2026 ONCA 568: https://canlii.ca/t/kmgml (decided 2026-08-06) - Dufault v. The Corporation of the Township of Ignace, 2024 ONSC 1029: https://canlii.ca/t/k46k4 (decided 2024-02-16) - Dufault v. Ignace (Township), 2024 ONCA 915: https://canlii.ca/t/k8g1s (decided 2024-12-19) - Clause check: base salary only (`employment/clauses/base-salary-only`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). When the clause limits pay to base salary, base pay, base wages or base rate, or excludes commissions, bonus or incentive pay: a strong sign of a defect if the person was paid commissions or a formula bonus, a possible defect if not sure, and a note if not. Commissions are wages, so a clause that pays termination pay on base salary alone contracts out of ss. 60 and 61, and the whole clause is void (North, paras. 10-12, 24). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - North v. Metaswitch Networks Corporation, 2017 ONCA 790: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0790.htm (decided 2017-10-16) - Clause check: benefits during the notice period (`employment/clauses/benefits-excluded`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Reading the clause outside the cause sentences: a strong sign of a defect when it says benefits cease, end, terminate, stop or are discontinued at termination, or 'no benefits', unless it also says benefits continue as the ESA, a statute, legislation or a minimum requires; or when it says its payments are all the person gets ('inclusive of all', 'in full satisfaction', 'full and final', 'not be obliged to make any other payments', 'no other payments', 'only payments', 'payments provided for in this paragraph', 'no further entitlements') without continuing benefits as the ESA requires and without incorporating the ESA's entitlements generally. A clause like that contracts out of the benefit contributions the ESA requires during the notice period (ss. 60(1)(c), 61(1)(b); Wood, paras. 56-57; Cormier, paras. 16-17). A clause that is silent on benefits is not flagged (Wood, paras. 53-55, discussing Roden). If the employer did continue benefits, the check adds that this does not fix the clause (Wood, paras. 44-51; Waksdale, paras. 8, 11). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 60: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - Cormier v. 1772887 Ontario Limited (St. Joseph Communications), 2019 ONCA 965: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2019/2019ONCA0965.htm (decided 2019-12-06) - Waksdale v. Swegon North America Inc., 2020 ONCA 391: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2020/2020ONCA0391.htm (decided 2020-06-17) - Clause check: firing for cause (`employment/clauses/cause-provision`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The check looks for sentences that mention cause (not counting 'without cause') and deny notice, pay, compensation, severance or further payments. If there are none, no signal. If the cause wording keeps the ESA minimum ('except', 'other than', 'save', 'subject to', 'unless' or 'in addition to' followed within 160 characters by the ESA, employment standards legislation, a statutory minimum or minimum entitlements; or cause defined in the ESA's words 'wilful misconduct, disobedience or wilful neglect of duty'): a note that this is consistent with the ESA (Baker, paras. 72-73, 79). If it does not, but the contract says the ESA will prevail or be complied with: a possible defect, not yet decided (Dufault (ONCA), para. 22; Baker, paras. 45-46, 73). Otherwise a strong sign of a defect: cause short of wilful misconduct cannot remove ESA entitlements (O. Reg. 288/01, ss. 2(1) para. 3, 9(1) para. 6; Render, paras. 79-80; Dufault (ONCA), paras. 17-18, 22), and one illegal termination provision voids them all (Waksdale, para. 10; Dufault (ONCA), paras. 23-24). - O. Reg. 288/01 (Termination and Severance of Employment), s. 2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010288 (current to 2025-08-27) - O. Reg. 288/01 (Termination and Severance of Employment), s. 9: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010288 (current to 2025-08-27) - Render v. ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Canada) Limited, 2022 ONCA 310: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0310.htm (decided 2022-04-20) - Dufault v. Ignace (Township), 2024 ONCA 915: https://canlii.ca/t/k8g1s (decided 2024-12-19) - Waksdale v. Swegon North America Inc., 2020 ONCA 391: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2020/2020ONCA0391.htm (decided 2020-06-17) - Baker v. Van Dolder's Home Team Inc., 2026 ONCA 568: https://canlii.ca/t/kmgml (decided 2026-08-06) - Clause check: what follows (`employment/clauses/consequence`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The clause check always ends with a lawyer (needs_lawyer: 'whether a clause holds is a legal judgment'), offering a consultation and the handoff to Mithril Law. It states the consequence: if any part of the termination provisions falls short of the ESA, all of them fail and a severability clause cannot save them (Waksdale, paras. 10, 14), and the presumption of reasonable notice applies (Machtinger, p. 1004; Wood, para. 16); if they all meet the ESA, the person is limited to what they give (Baker, para. 84). It lists what it cannot see: other termination wording in the contract, the rest of the contract, what was agreed before starting, and anything the person was unsure of. - Waksdale v. Swegon North America Inc., 2020 ONCA 391: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2020/2020ONCA0391.htm (decided 2020-06-17) - Machtinger v. HOJ Industries Ltd., [1992] 1 SCR 986: https://canlii.ca/t/1fsd2 (decided 1992-04-30) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - Baker v. Van Dolder's Home Team Inc., 2026 ONCA 568: https://canlii.ca/t/kmgml (decided 2026-08-06) - Clause check: notice shorter than the ESA (`employment/clauses/notice-below-esa`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). When the clause does not promise at least the ESA minimum ('whichever is greater', 'greater of', 'not less than', 'no less than', 'in no event ... less than', 'at least the minimum', or 'minimum' followed by the ESA): a strong sign of a defect if it sets a fixed notice or pay period under 8 weeks (0 to 7 weeks, in digits or words) or under 2 months, because the ESA can require up to 8 weeks (s. 57) and a clause that can give less than the ESA is void (Machtinger, p. 1004; Wood, paras. 16, 45). A possible defect if it gives weeks per year of service, unless per 'completed or partial year' with at least one week, which never falls below s. 57. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Machtinger v. HOJ Industries Ltd., [1992] 1 SCR 986: https://canlii.ca/t/1fsd2 (decided 1992-04-30) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - Clause check: severance pay (`employment/clauses/severance-left-out`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). A possible defect when the clause folds severance into a single notice formula ('inclusive of' followed by severance), which can let the employer pay less than the separate ESA severance pay (Wood, paras. 62-69). Also, when the clause, outside the cause sentences, says its payments are all the person gets, does not mention severance and does not incorporate the ESA's entitlements generally: a possible defect, or only a note when the person says the employer's payroll is under CAD 2.5 million (ss. 64(1), 65(1); Wood, paras. 63, 69). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - Clause check: signed after starting work (`employment/clauses/signed-after-start`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Signed after starting work, with new terms: a strong sign of a defect if the person got nothing new for signing, a possible defect if not sure, and a note if they got something new (a raise, bonus, promotion or other benefit), because an employer cannot impose new terms without something new beyond continued employment, and courts look at whether consideration exists, not whether it is adequate (Giacomodonato, paras. 4-5; Holland, para. 50). Signed after starting but only writing down terms agreed before: a note (Wood, paras. 12-13). Not sure when: a possible defect. Signed before starting: no signal. - Giacomodonato v. PearTree Securities Inc., 2024 ONCA 437: https://canlii.ca/t/k509k (decided 2024-06-03) - Holland v. Hostopia.com Inc., 2015 ONCA 762: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2015/2015ONCA0762.htm (decided 2015-11-10) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - The employer's offer (`employment/common-law/offer-comparison`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The offer is the amount entered, or the weeks of pay offered times the regular weekly wage. It is compared with the ESA minimum and with the common-law range, whose ends are raised to the ESA minimum when the minimum is higher. Below the ESA minimum: 'below the ESA minimum'. Otherwise below the low end: 'below the common-law range'. Up to the high end: 'within'. Above it: 'above'. The gaps are the ESA minimum less the offer and the low end less the offer, never below zero. When the offer requires a release, the check says a release cannot take away the ESA minimum (s. 5(1)). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Render v. ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Canada) Limited, 2022 ONCA 310: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0310.htm (decided 2022-04-20) - Common-law range (estimate) (`employment/common-law/reasonable-notice-estimate`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). An estimate, not a prediction, of the range of reasonable notice courts have used, from three of the Bardal factors (Michela, para. 13): service, age and role. The fourth, the availability of similar work, is not in it. Step 1, by completed service (years plus months divided by 12): under 1 year, 1 to 3 months; 1 to under 3 years, 2 to 6; 3 to under 6, 4 to 8; 6 to under 10, 6 to 12; 10 to under 15, 9 to 15; 15 to under 20, 12 to 18; 20 to under 25, 15 to 21; 25 or more, 18 to 24. Step 2, age on the last day: 50 to 59, add 2 months to both ends; 60 or more, add 3. Step 3, role: supervisor, add 1 to the high end; manager, add 1 to the low end and 2 to the high end; executive, add 2 and 3; staff, nothing. Step 4: neither end goes above 24 months, generally the ceiling without exceptional circumstances (Dawe, paras. 31, 42-44). The midpoint is the average of the two ends. Amounts are months times the regular weekly wage times 52 divided by 12, without benefits, bonus or vacation pay. The range includes the ESA minimum and is not added to it (Brake, para. 110). The output says it is an estimate of the range courts have used, not a prediction, and that the contract and new earnings (mitigation) can change it (Lynch, para. 16). - Michela v. St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic School, 2015 ONCA 801: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2015/2015ONCA0801.htm (decided 2015-11-23) - Bardal v. Globe & Mail Ltd. (1960), 24 D.L.R. (2d) 140 (Ont. H.C.): https://canlii.ca/t/gghxf (decided 1960-04-21) - Beatty v. Best Theratronics Ltd., 2015 ONCA 247: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2015/2015ONCA0247.htm (decided 2015-04-14) - Minott v. O'Shanter Development Co. (1999), 42 O.R. (3d) 321 (C.A.): https://canlii.ca/t/1f97d (decided 1999-01-07) - Humphrey v. Mene Inc., 2022 ONCA 531: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0531.htm (decided 2022-07-15) - Dawe v. The Equitable Life Insurance Company of Canada, 2019 ONCA 512: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2019/2019ONCA0512.htm (decided 2019-06-19) - Lynch v. Avaya Canada Corporation, 2023 ONCA 696: https://canlii.ca/t/k0qrd (decided 2023-10-23) - Currie v. Nylene Canada Inc., 2022 ONCA 209: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0209.htm (decided 2022-03-14) - Keenan v. Canac Kitchens Ltd., 2016 ONCA 79: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2016/2016ONCA0079.htm (decided 2016-01-27) - Love v. Acuity Investment Management Inc., 2011 ONCA 130: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2011/2011ONCA0130.htm (decided 2011-02-16) - Wood v. Fred Deeley Imports Ltd., 2017 ONCA 158: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0158.htm (decided 2017-02-23) - Brake v. PJ-M2R Restaurant Inc., 2017 ONCA 402: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0402.htm (decided 2017-05-23) - Demand letter: the amount asked for (`employment/demand-letter/amount-demanded`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The letter asks for the amount the person enters or, by default, the greater of the ESA minimum and the midpoint of the common-law estimate. An entered amount below the ESA minimum is raised to it, with a warning, because the minimum cannot be waived (s. 5(1)). The amount includes the ESA minimum and is not added to it, because an award for reasonable notice includes the statutory entitlements without double recovery (Brake, para. 110). The ESA minimum used is the part that is certain; severance pay that depends on an unknown payroll is not in it. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Brake v. PJ-M2R Restaurant Inc., 2017 ONCA 402: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0402.htm (decided 2017-05-23) - Demand letter: what it says (`employment/demand-letter/content`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The letter is from the person to the employer, dated the day it is made or the date given, and asks for a reply by that date plus the number of days the person chooses (14 by default; the person's deadline, not a legal one). It says how the job ended; lists the ESA minimums with their sections: termination pay (ss. 54, 57, 61(1)(a)), vacation pay on it (s. 35.2), severance pay when owed, or 'if your payroll is CAD 2.5 million or more' when not known (ss. 64(1), 65(1), and 65(4) when notice was not given), and benefit contributions for the notice period (ss. 60(1)(c), 61(1)(b)); says they are minimum standards that cannot be waived, including by a release (s. 5(1)), and that termination pay and vacation pay were due by the later of 7 days after the job ended and the next pay day (s. 11(5)); claims reasonable notice at common law, citing Bardal (p. 145) and Michela (para. 13), and, when there is or may be a termination clause, says the person does not accept that it validly limits notice, citing Waksdale (para. 10) and Machtinger (p. 1004); asks for the amount, less amounts already paid, and for the benefit contributions; answers an offer, and a release, when there is one; and says the person will consider an employment standards complaint or a claim in court. The person signs and sends it (needs_person). The Word and PDF files are stored locked, with the demand letter's price code, until it is paid for. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 54: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 35.2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 60: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 11(5): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Bardal v. Globe & Mail Ltd. (1960), 24 D.L.R. (2d) 140 (Ont. H.C.): https://canlii.ca/t/gghxf (decided 1960-04-21) - Michela v. St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic School, 2015 ONCA 801: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2015/2015ONCA0801.htm (decided 2015-11-23) - Waksdale v. Swegon North America Inc., 2020 ONCA 391: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2020/2020ONCA0391.htm (decided 2020-06-17) - Machtinger v. HOJ Industries Ltd., [1992] 1 SCR 986: https://canlii.ca/t/1fsd2 (decided 1992-04-30) - Benefits during the notice period (`employment/esa/benefit-continuation`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). When the person had benefits through work, the check says the employer must keep making benefit plan contributions through the statutory notice period, whether it gives working notice (s. 60(1)(c)) or pays instead of notice (s. 61(1)(b)). The number of weeks is the s. 57 notice period (none under 3 months). No dollar value is put on the benefits. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 60: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Who the ESA figures cover, and exemptions (`employment/esa/coverage-and-exemptions`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The check gives no figures, and sends the person to a lawyer, when the person says any of these may apply: the employer is federally regulated (ESA s. 3(2)); the work was not done in Ontario (s. 3(1)); or an exemption in O. Reg. 288/01 ss. 2(1) and 9(1): a fixed term or task; a temporary layoff; wilful misconduct, disobedience or wilful neglect of duty; frustration of the contract; refusing reasonable alternative work, directly or through seniority; not returning from a layoff when recalled; a strike or lockout, or a closure caused by one; construction or on-site maintenance work; the employer's usual retirement age; retiring on an unreduced pension; or shipbuilding under a supplementary unemployment benefit plan. It does the same when the person is not sure whether one applies. It also gives no figures when the job ended some other way than the employer ending it, such as a resignation or retirement, because the ESA minimum is owed when the employer terminates or severs the employment (ss. 56(1), 63(1)). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 3: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 55: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 56: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 63: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - O. Reg. 288/01 (Termination and Severance of Employment), s. 2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010288 (current to 2025-08-27) - O. Reg. 288/01 (Termination and Severance of Employment), s. 9: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010288 (current to 2025-08-27) - Length of service (`employment/esa/length-of-service`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). With a start date, service runs from the first day to the last day in completed years, completed months and leftover days: the largest number of whole months whose anniversary falls on or before the last day, then the days after it. A month from the 31st ends on the last day of a shorter month, so January 31 to February 29 is one month. Service is never rounded up. Without a start date, the years and months the person enters are used as completed years and months. The last day is the last day of employment; for a layoff, the person is asked for the first day of the layoff (ESA s. 56(5)). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 56: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Mass terminations (`employment/esa/mass-termination`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). When the person says 50 or more people at the establishment lost their jobs within four weeks, or is not sure, the check flags that s. 58 may require longer notice: 8 weeks for 50 to 199 people, 12 weeks for 200 to 499, 16 weeks for 500 or more (O. Reg. 288/01, s. 3(1)), unless the terminations are no more than 10% of the employees there with at least 3 months' service and were not caused by closing part of the business (s. 3(4)). The longer period is not added; the figures keep the s. 57 notice, and the person is sent to a lawyer. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 58: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - O. Reg. 288/01 (Termination and Severance of Employment), s. 3: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/010288 (current to 2025-08-27) - The ESA minimum cannot be waived (`employment/esa/no-waiver`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The ESA minimum is termination pay plus vacation pay on it, plus severance pay when owed. The check says it is owed whether or not the person signs a release, because an agreement to contract out of or waive an employment standard is void (s. 5(1); Render, para. 78), and that new earnings do not reduce it, because statutory entitlements are not damages and are not subject to mitigation (Brake, paras. 111, 118). Severance pay is in addition to other amounts under the Act (s. 65(7)). With an offer, the gap to the ESA minimum is the minimum less the offer, never below zero. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Render v. ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Canada) Limited, 2022 ONCA 310: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0310.htm (decided 2022-04-20) - Brake v. PJ-M2R Restaurant Inc., 2017 ONCA 402: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0402.htm (decided 2017-05-23) - Regular wages for a regular work week (`employment/esa/regular-weekly-wage`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The regular weekly wage is: a yearly salary divided by 52; or an hourly rate times the regular weekly hours, counting no more than 44 hours because hours above 44 are overtime (s. 22(1)) and a regular work week leaves out overtime hours (s. 1(1)); or, for pay that changes week to week, the average regular pay for the weeks worked in the 12 weeks before the job ended, as the person gives it (ss. 60(2), 61(1.1), 65(6)). Regular commissions are added to a salary or hourly wage: the commissions earned in the last 12 weeks divided by 12, or a year's commissions divided by 52, which is marked as an estimate. Commissions are wages (North, para. 12). Amounts keep full precision and are rounded to the cent only at the end. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 22(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 60: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - North v. Metaswitch Networks Corporation, 2017 ONCA 790: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2017/2017ONCA0790.htm (decided 2017-10-16) - Who gets severance pay (`employment/esa/severance-eligibility`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Severance pay is owed when the period of employment is 5 or more completed years and either the employer's payroll is CAD 2.5 million or more (s. 64(1)(b)), or the person says 50 or more employees lost their jobs within six months because all or part of the business closed for good at an establishment (s. 64(1)(a)). The payroll counts the wages of all the employer's employees, in Ontario and elsewhere (s. 64(2); Hawkes, paras. 51-52). If the person is not sure about the payroll, or, with a smaller payroll, about a closure, the result is 'depends' and the amount is shown as owed if the test is met. Eligibility uses the actual period of employment; the notice period in s. 65(4) is added only to the amount. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 63: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Hawkes v. Max Aicher (North America) Limited, 2021 ONSC 4290 (Div. Ct.): https://canlii.ca/t/jgfnn (decided 2021-06-15) - How much severance pay (`employment/esa/severance-pay`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Severance pay is the regular weekly wage times the completed years plus the completed months divided by 12 (s. 65(1)), to a maximum of 26 weeks (s. 65(5)). When the employer did not give all of the s. 57 notice, the weeks not given are counted as more service (s. 65(4); Rainbow Concrete, para. 33): with a start date, as calendar days (7 a week) added to the last day; with only years and months, as whole months only, the fewest those weeks can span (weeks times 7, divided by 31, rounded down), so the figure is never overstated. Severance pay is in addition to termination pay (s. 65(7)). When severance is not owed, the amount is zero. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 65: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Rainbow Concrete Industries Limited v. Lentir, 2012 CanLII 58233 (ON LRB): https://canlii.ca/t/ft2jd (decided 2012-09-28) - Termination pay (`employment/esa/termination-pay`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Weeks of notice: none under 3 months of continuous employment (s. 54); 1 week under 1 year (s. 57(a)); 2 weeks from 1 to under 3 years (s. 57(b)); then 1 week for each completed year from 3 years, to a maximum of 8 weeks at 8 years or more (s. 57(c) to (h)). Completed years are counted on the last day of employment. Weeks of written working notice the person worked are subtracted, and the rest is termination pay: those weeks times the regular weekly wage, owed as a lump sum (s. 61(1)(a)). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 54: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 61: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Vacation pay on termination pay (`employment/esa/vacation-pay-on-termination-pay`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Vacation pay is added on termination pay, because termination pay is a payment the Act requires and so counts as wages (s. 1(1)): 4% if the period of employment on the last day is under 5 years, 6% at 5 years or more (s. 35.2). None is added on severance pay (Panaligan, paras. 55-56, following Cronk; Rainbow Concrete, para. 33). Vacation pay the person had already earned and not taken is owed separately; the check says so and does not calculate it. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 35.2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Panaligan v. Mayfair Tennis Courts Limited, 2017 CanLII 9126 (ON SCSM): https://canlii.ca/t/gxpwg (decided 2017-01-18) - Cronk v. Canadian General Insurance Co. (1995), 25 O.R. (3d) 505 (C.A.): https://canlii.ca/t/6jnb (decided 1995-09-21) - Rainbow Concrete Industries Limited v. Lentir, 2012 CanLII 58233 (ON LRB): https://canlii.ca/t/ft2jd (decided 2012-09-28) - Deadline to sue (`employment/limitations/civil-claim`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The last day to start a lawsuit is the second anniversary of the day the claim is presumed discovered (Limitations Act, 2002, ss. 4, 5(2)), taken as the earlier of the day the person was told the job was ending and the last day of the job. The anniversary of February 29 in a year without one is February 28, the earlier reading. Status: 'passed' after that day, 'under 90 days' when fewer than 90 days remain, otherwise 'open', counted from today's date in Ontario. Things that can move the date are listed, not calculated: a later discovery (s. 5(1)), incapacity (s. 7), an agreement to have an independent third party help resolve the claim (s. 11), an agreement to suspend or extend the period (s. 22(3)) and, for a constructive dismissal, an earlier day of the change. - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 7: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 11: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 22: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Deadline for an ESA complaint, and the choice between a complaint and a lawsuit (`employment/limitations/esa-complaint`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). A complaint about a contravention more than two years old is deemed not filed (ESA s. 96(3)), so the last day to file is the second anniversary of the last day of employment. The check also says the person must choose: filing a complaint for termination or severance pay bars a wrongful dismissal lawsuit about the same termination unless the complaint is withdrawn within two weeks (s. 97(2), (4)), and starting a wrongful dismissal lawsuit bars the complaint (s. 98(2)). - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 96: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 97: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 98: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - When the severance check stops for a lawyer (`employment/severance-check/lawyer-boundary`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The check sends the person to a lawyer (needs_lawyer) when any of these is true: an exemption may apply or the job ended some other way than the employer ending it (no figures are given); the employer says it was for cause; the person says it was a constructive dismissal; it was a layoff; the contract has or may have a termination clause; severance depends on an unknown payroll or closure; 50 or more people may have lost their jobs within four weeks; the offer is below the ESA minimum or below the common-law range; or the deadline to sue has passed or is less than 90 days away. The actions offered are the termination clause check (when there is or may be a clause), a consultation, and handing the matter to Mithril Law. Otherwise the result is automated, with the demand letter and the handoff as next actions. - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 56: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 63: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Employment Standards Act, 2000, s. 58: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 (current to 2026-04-15) - Render v. ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Canada) Limited, 2022 ONCA 310: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2022/2022ONCA0310.htm (decided 2022-04-20) - Waksdale v. Swegon North America Inc., 2020 ONCA 391: https://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2020/2020ONCA0391.htm (decided 2020-06-17) - Machtinger v. HOJ Industries Ltd., [1992] 1 SCR 986: https://canlii.ca/t/1fsd2 (decided 1992-04-30) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) ### Help - Limitations Act: the basic two-year period from discovery (`general/limitations/basic-period`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). A court proceeding on a claim cannot be started after the second anniversary of the day the claim was discovered (s. 4). The last day to start it is that anniversary. A claim is discovered on the earlier of (a) the day the person first knew that the injury, loss or damage had occurred, that an act or omission caused or contributed to it, that it was the act or omission of the person to be sued, and that a proceeding would be an appropriate way to remedy it, and (b) the day a reasonable person with their abilities and in their circumstances first ought to have known those things (s. 5(1)). The person enters the discovery date; the code does not decide it. If no discovery date is given, the code uses the day the act or omission took place, because the person is presumed to have known on that day unless the contrary is proved (s. 5(2)). If a discovery date later than that day is given, the code shows both last days. The one from the day it happened is the safest deadline: relying on the later one means proving it. If the safest deadline has passed but the other has not, the status is 'check with a lawyer'. The anniversary of February 29 is February 28 in a year that is not a leap year (Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89(7)). A time limit that would end on a Sunday or another holiday is extended to the next day that is not a holiday (Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89(1)). The code does not apply that extension: it shows the anniversary itself, which is never later than the true deadline. Days left are counted from today's date in Ontario. The period has expired when today is after the last day. - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21#BK108 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act: exceptions are flagged, and when a lawyer takes over (`general/limitations/exceptions`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The person can tick any of these situations. Each one ticked is shown with its text, and none is computed: the dates are shown as they would be with no exception, and the status is 'check with a lawyer'. - minor ("The person with the claim was under 18"): "The two-year period does not run while the person with the claim is a minor with no litigation guardian, and the 15-year period is suspended then too." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 6; Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15(4)(b)) - incapable ("The person with the claim could not start a case because of their physical, mental or psychological condition"): "The two-year period does not run while the person with the claim is incapable of starting a proceeding because of their condition and has no litigation guardian, and the 15-year period is suspended then too." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 7; Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15(4)(a)) - sexual_misconduct_or_assault ("The claim is based on a sexual assault, or on other sexual misconduct or an assault in the situations the Act lists (for example, against a child, or by an intimate partner)"): "There is no limitation period for a proceeding based on a sexual assault, or on other sexual misconduct or an assault in the situations the Act lists." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 16(1)(h)-(h.2), (1.1)) - acknowledged ("The other side admitted the debt in writing, or paid part of it"): "For a claim for a fixed sum of money (and some property claims), a written and signed acknowledgment of liability, or a part payment, made before the period expires, restarts the period from that day." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 13) - mediation ("You both agreed to have an independent third party, like a mediator, help resolve it"): "The two-year and 15-year periods do not run while an independent third party the parties agreed on is helping resolve the claim." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 11) - demand_obligation ("The money is owed on demand (for example, a demand loan)"): "For a demand obligation, the loss happens, and the 15-year period starts, on the first failure to pay after a demand is made." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 5(3); Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15(6)(c)) - continuing_or_series ("The wrong is still going on, or is a series of acts about the same obligation"): "For a continuous act, the 15-year period runs from the day it stops. For a series of acts about the same obligation, it runs from the last one." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15(6)(a), (b)) - concealed_or_misled ("The other side hid the loss from you, or misled you about whether to sue"): "The 15-year period does not run while the other side wilfully conceals the loss, or wilfully misleads the person about whether a proceeding is appropriate." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15(4)(c), (5)) - enforce_court_order ("You want to enforce a court order you already have"): "There is no limitation period for a proceeding to enforce a court order." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 16(1)(b)) - tribunal_or_other_law ("It will go to a tribunal (like the Landlord and Tenant Board), not a court, or another law sets its own deadline"): "The Limitations Act applies to claims pursued in court proceedings. A tribunal application, or a claim another Act gives its own deadline, can follow a different time limit." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 2(1); Limitations Act, 2002, s. 19(1)) - agreement_to_extend ("You and the other side signed an agreement to extend or suspend the time limit"): "An agreement can suspend or extend the limitation periods only in the ways the Act allows." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 22) - environmental ("It is an environmental claim (a contaminant released into the natural environment)"): "There is no limitation period for an environmental claim that has not been discovered." (Limitations Act, 2002, s. 17) Status, in this order: any situation ticked: check with a lawyer. The deadline has passed: expired. The safest deadline has passed: check with a lawyer. The safest deadline is 90 days or fewer away: close. Otherwise: open. Boundary: open means the calculation is done (automated). Close, expired and check with a lawyer hand to a lawyer (needs_lawyer). Wording shown ({date} is the date in words; the summary uses the safest deadline, except 'expired', which uses the deadline): - basicGiven: "Two years from the day you found out ({date})." - basicPresumed: "Two years from the day it happened ({date}), because the law presumes you knew that day unless you can prove otherwise." - presumedSafest: "The law presumes you knew on the day it happened. Relying on the later date means proving when you found out, so this is the safest deadline." - ultimate: "No claim can start after this, even if you found out late." - open: "If no exception applies, the last day to start a court claim is {date}." - close: "If no exception applies, the last day to start a court claim is {date}, which is close. Talk to a lawyer now." - expired: "If no exception applies, the time to start a court claim ended on {date}. An exception may still apply: talk to a lawyer." - check_with_lawyer: "These dates assume no exception applies, but something you said can change them. Talk to a lawyer before relying on them." - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK2 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 5: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 6: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK7 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 7: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 11: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 13: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK13 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 16: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK18 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 17: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK19 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 19: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK22 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 22: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act: the 15-year ultimate period (`general/limitations/ultimate-period`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). No proceeding can be started after the 15th anniversary of the day the act or omission took place (s. 15(2)), even if the two-year period has not expired (s. 15(1)). It is computed only when the day it happened is given. The deadline is the earlier of the two-year last day and the 15-year last day. Situations that suspend or move the 15-year period (s. 15(4), (6)) are flagged, not computed. - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - The front door: where a problem goes, and how urgent it is (`general/triage/routing`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). general.triage takes a category of problem, an optional area, and optional dates, and answers four things. 1. Where it goes. Each category maps to areas and named operations: - arrested_or_charged: areas criminal; operations criminal.intake_triage, criminal.what_happens_next, criminal.legal_aid_path - job_ended: areas employment; operations general.limitation_period; Limitations Act dates may apply; note: "The Limitations Act's dates apply to a lawsuit. A complaint to a government office or a tribunal follows its own time limit." - owed_money: areas small-claims; operations small_claims.route, general.limitation_period; Limitations Act dates may apply - sued_for_money: areas small-claims; operations small_claims.route; note: "Your deadline to respond is on the claim you were served. makethempay walks you through it." - injury_or_damage: areas small-claims; operations general.limitation_period, small_claims.route; Limitations Act dates may apply - tenant_problem: areas ltb; operations none named; note: "Landlord and Tenant Board applications have their own time limits. The Limitations Act's dates are for court claims." - landlord_problem: areas ltb; operations none named; note: "Landlord and Tenant Board applications have their own time limits. The Limitations Act's dates are for court claims." - starting_business: areas corporate; operations none named - other: areas none; operations general.limitation_period; Limitations Act dates may apply An area given as input is added to the category's areas. If someone is in custody, or the area is criminal, the criminal operations are added. After the named operations, the answer lists every published operation in each area (free checks and guides first). Actions, which change something in the world (such as opening a claim), are listed only for signed-in callers and API keys. 2. Limitation dates. Only for categories marked above, and only when the day it happened or the day it was discovered is given, the Limitations Act's two-year and 15-year dates are computed exactly as general.limitation_period does (rules general/limitations/*), with any situations ticked flagged. With dates, the note "These are the Limitations Act's dates for a court claim, if no exception applies. They may not be the only time limit." is shown. Without them, "Give the day it happened, or the day you found out, to see the Limitations Act's dates." 3. Urgency, raised by each of these (immediate beats soon beats standard): - someone is in custody now: immediate; - the next court or tribunal date has passed, or is 0 to 2 days away: immediate; 3 to 7 days away: soon; - the safest limitation date has passed, or is 0 to 30 days away: immediate; 31 to 90 days away: soon. Days are counted from today's date in Ontario. 4. The boundary: a lawyer (needs_lawyer) when the matter is criminal, the urgency is immediate, or a limitation date's status is not open. Otherwise the person's next step is to run the operations listed (needs_person). - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 2: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24#BK2 (current to 2026-09-18) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) - Limitations Act, 2002, s. 15: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/02l24 (current to 2025-08-27) ### Landlord and Tenant Board - N8, N12, N13: earliest termination date at the end of a period (`ltb/end-of-period/termination-date`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code adds the minimum days to the day the notice counts as given (N8: 28 days in a daily or weekly tenancy and 60 days otherwise; N12: 60 days; N13: 120 days) and then takes the first day on or after that date that is the last day of a rental period. A period ends the day before rent is next due: for weekly tenancies the day before the rent weekday, for monthly tenancies the day before the rent day (rent days 1 to 28 only), for yearly tenancies the day before the anniversary of a period start. For a fixed term the only valid date is the last day of the term; if it is too early the code gives no date. The L2 can be filed as soon as the notice is served, and no later than 30 days after the termination date. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 58: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 44: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 48: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 49: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 50: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 71: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 69: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - L1: what the claim adds up to (`ltb/l1/claim`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The claim is the rent owing up to the filing date (rent charged minus rent paid for each period, including periods that came due after the N4), plus, for each NSF cheque not repaid, the bank's charge and the landlord's administration charge reduced to CAD 20 if higher (the cheque amount is not claimed), plus the filing fee: CAD 186 through the Tribunals Ontario Portal, CAD 201 by mail, courier or in person. The code does not compute the rent deposit interest or daily compensation; the LTB deals with both in its order. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 87: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - O. Reg. 516/06 (General), made under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 17: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/060516 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 74: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Tribunals Ontario, Landlord and Tenant Board: Forms, filing and fees: https://tribunalsontario.ca/ltb/forms-filing-and-fees/ - Form L1, Application to Evict a Tenant for Non-payment of Rent and to Collect Rent the Tenant Owes (2026/09): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Landlord%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/L1.pdf (version of 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form L1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Landlord%20Applications%20&%20Instructions/L1_Instructions.html - Landlord and Tenant Board, Interpretation Guideline 11: Rent Arrears: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Interpretation%20Guidelines/11%20-%20Rent%20Arrears.html (version of 2026-09-21) - L1: when the landlord may file (`ltb/l1/eligibility`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code allows an L1 only if all of these hold: the filing date is on or after the day after the termination date on the N4; the tenant is still in possession of the unit; rent is still owing on the filing date (if the tenant paid the arrears and the rent that came due, the N4 is void); the N4's termination date is no earlier than the earliest valid date for how it was served; and the claim is not more than CAD 50,000. Otherwise it says why, and for a tenant who has moved out it points to the L10. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 74: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 59: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 69: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 207(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - O. Reg. 626/00 (Small Claims Court Jurisdiction and Appeal Limit), made under the Courts of Justice Act, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/000626 (current to 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form L1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Landlord%20Applications%20&%20Instructions/L1_Instructions.html - Form L1, Application to Evict a Tenant for Non-payment of Rent and to Collect Rent the Tenant Owes (2026/09): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Landlord%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/L1.pdf (version of 2026-09-18) - Landlord and Tenant Board, brochure: If a Tenant Does Not Pay Rent: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Brochures/If%20a%20Tenant%20Does%20Not%20Pay%20Rent.html (version of 2026-09-21) - L1: what the tenant can do (`ltb/l1/tenant-options`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). Before the eviction order is issued, the application is discontinued if the tenant pays the arrears, the rent that has since come due, and the landlord's application fee. For an application filed on or after September 21, 2026, a tenant who wants to raise other issues at the hearing must give the landlord and the LTB a written description and pay the landlord half of the rent arrears claimed in the application at least 7 days before the hearing; the code computes half and rounds up to the cent. For an application filed earlier, the payment requirement does not apply. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 74: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 82: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - O. Reg. 516/06 (General), made under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 8.3: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/060516 (current to 2026-09-18) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rules 19.4 to 19.5.1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Tribunals Ontario, LTB: Operational Update, Legislative Changes at the Landlord and Tenant Board, Effective: September 21, 2026: https://tribunalsontario.ca/2026/09/21/ltb-operational-update-legislative-changes-at-the-landlord-and-tenant-board-effective-september-21-2026/ (version of 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board, brochure: If a Tenant Does Not Pay Rent: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Brochures/If%20a%20Tenant%20Does%20Not%20Pay%20Rent.html (version of 2026-09-21) - N12: compensation of one month’s rent (`ltb/n12/compensation`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For an N12 for the landlord's or a family member's own use (s. 48), the landlord owes one month's rent or another acceptable unit, unless the notice is given on or after September 21, 2026, gives at least 120 days, and ends on the last day of a period or the end of the term. The code reports the earliest date that meets those conditions. For an N12 for a purchaser (s. 49), one month's rent is always owed. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 48.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 49.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Tribunals Ontario, LTB: Operational Update, Legislative Changes at the Landlord and Tenant Board, Effective: September 21, 2026: https://tribunalsontario.ca/2026/09/21/ltb-operational-update-legislative-changes-at-the-landlord-and-tenant-board-effective-september-21-2026/ (version of 2026-09-21) - N4: what it may claim and how the rent owing is added up (`ltb/n4/contents`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code puts only rent on an N4. For each rental period, rent owing is rent charged minus rent paid, in cents, and the total is the sum. Rent includes basic rent and fixed amounts the tenant pays the landlord for services or facilities, such as parking, a flat monthly utility rate or a seasonal air-conditioner charge. NSF bank charges, NSF administration charges, rent deposits, utility shares or bills, late fees, damage and other charges are never put on the notice; the code says where each can be claimed instead. The code refuses a period whose rent was not yet overdue on the day the notice is delivered (rent is overdue from the day after it is due), a period where rent paid is more than rent charged, periods that overlap or are out of order, and a total that is not more than zero. Periods with nothing owing are left off the notice. When more than three periods are owing, the earliest are combined in the first row, the last two periods keep their own rows, and a schedule listing every period is attached. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 59: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 2(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Form N4, Notice to End your Tenancy Early for Non-payment of Rent (2026/09): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Termination%20%26%20Instructions/N4.pdf (version of 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form N4 (updated September 21, 2026): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Termination%20%26%20Instructions/N4_Instructions.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board, Interpretation Guideline 11: Rent Arrears: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Interpretation%20Guidelines/11%20-%20Rent%20Arrears.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 87: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - O. Reg. 516/06 (General), made under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 17: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/060516 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 134: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - N4: earliest termination date (`ltb/n4/termination-date`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For an N4 given on or after September 21, 2026, the earliest termination date is the 7th day after the day the notice counts as given. For an N4 given before that day, it is the 7th day after in a daily or weekly tenancy (or a fixed term with rent paid daily or weekly) and the 14th day after otherwise. The day of giving is not counted and the last day is. The date is not moved off a weekend or holiday. The landlord can file an L1 from the day after the termination date on the notice (the day after the earliest date, if none is given), and there is no 30-day limit to file. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 59: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Fighting Delays, Building Faster Act, 2025, Sched. 12, s. 4: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/S25014 - Tribunals Ontario, LTB: Operational Update, Legislative Changes at the Landlord and Tenant Board, Effective: September 21, 2026: https://tribunalsontario.ca/2026/09/21/ltb-operational-update-legislative-changes-at-the-landlord-and-tenant-board-effective-september-21-2026/ (version of 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board, brochure: If a Tenant Does Not Pay Rent: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Brochures/If%20a%20Tenant%20Does%20Not%20Pay%20Rent.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Instructions for Form N4 (updated September 21, 2026): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Termination%20%26%20Instructions/N4_Instructions.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rules 1.12 to 1.16: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 193: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 74: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 69: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - N4: what the tenant must pay to void it (`ltb/n4/void-if-paid`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The tenant avoids termination by paying, on or before the termination date, the rent owing in the notice plus any rent that has come due by the day of payment. The code lists that amount for each stretch of days from the day the notice counts as given to the termination date: the total in the notice, plus one period's rent (the rent per period entered) for each rent due date after the last period in the notice, counting monthly periods on the same day of each month. Paying the same amount at any time before the landlord files the L1 also voids the notice. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 59: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Landlord and Tenant Board, Interpretation Guideline 11: Rent Arrears: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Interpretation%20Guidelines/11%20-%20Rent%20Arrears.html (version of 2026-09-21) - N5: earliest termination date and remedy period (`ltb/n5/termination-date`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For a first N5 (undue damage under s. 62, substantial interference under s. 64, or too many occupants under s. 67), the earliest termination date is the 20th day after the notice counts as given. The tenant's seven-day remedy period ends on the 7th day after it is given, and the landlord can file an L2 from the next day. The L2 must be filed within 30 days after the termination date. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 62: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 64: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 67: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 70: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 71: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 69: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - LTB orders: what the open data can and cannot tell (`ltb/outcomes/open-data`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code counts order documents in the LTB Order Catalogue (Ontario Data Catalogue, Open Government Licence – Ontario) whose application codes include the one asked about, or, if asked, only files with that code alone. It reports the count by document type (order, order made without a hearing, review order, amended order), by month of the order, by the year the file was opened (from the file number) and by the combination of applications on the file, each with its share of the total to one decimal place. The dataset has no outcome, no filing or hearing date and no region, so the code reports none of those. Every answer carries the licence's attribution statement. - LTB Order Catalogue, Ontario Data Catalogue (Landlord and Tenant Board): https://data.ontario.ca/dataset/ltb-order-catalogue (version of 2026-09-01) - Open Government Licence – Ontario, version 1.0: https://www.ontario.ca/page/open-government-licence-ontario (version of 2025-03-27) - Rent increase: the guideline and newer units (`ltb/rent-increase/guideline`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). For a sitting tenant, the new rent may be at most the current rent plus the guideline for the calendar year the increase takes effect, rounded to the cent: 2.5% for 2023, 2024 and 2025, 2.1% for 2026 and 1.9% for 2027 (1.2% for 2022). The guideline does not apply if no part of the building (or of the addition the unit is in) was occupied for residential purposes on or before November 15, 2018, or if the unit is a self-contained unit created in a house after that date meeting s. 6.1(3), unless the tenancy agreement was made on or before November 15, 2018. With a signed agreement for a capital expenditure or new service the most is the guideline plus 3%. Above-guideline increases need an LTB order; the code does not compute the order's percentage. For a year with no guideline on file, the code does not decide. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 120: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Government of Ontario, Residential rent increases (Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing): https://www.ontario.ca/page/residential-rent-increases (version of 2026-06-23) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 6.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 121: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 126: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Rent increase: 90 days’ written notice on the LTB’s form (`ltb/rent-increase/notice`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The landlord must give the tenant written notice on the LTB's form (N1, N2 or N3), stating the new rent, at least 90 days before the increase takes effect. The code counts from the day the notice counts as given (a mailed notice on the fifth day after mailing): the latest day is 90 days before the increase. No notice, or a notice not on the LTB's form, makes the code answer that the increase is void, subject to the LTB's view on substantial compliance. Increases under a signed agreement for a capital expenditure, a new service, parking or another prescribed service need no notice. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 116: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 191: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Form N1, Notice of Rent Increase (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Rent%20Increase%20%26%20Instructions/N1.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Form N2, Notice of Rent Increase (Unit Partially Exempt) (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Rent%20Increase%20%26%20Instructions/N2.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Form N3, Notice to Increase the Rent and/or Charges for Care Services and Meals (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Rent%20Increase%20%26%20Instructions/N3.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 121: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 123: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 212: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Rent increase: what a tenant can do and the one-year limits (`ltb/rent-increase/remedies`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). A tenant can apply to the LTB (Form T1) for money collected in breach of the Act, within one year after it was collected. An increase not challenged in an application within one year after it was first charged is deemed lawful; the code gives that date as one year after the effective date. An increase that is void for lack of notice is deemed valid once the tenant has paid it for 12 consecutive months, unless they disputed it within a year of it first being charged. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 135: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 136: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 135.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Form T1, Tenant Application for a Rebate (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T1.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - Rent increase: at least 12 months apart (`ltb/rent-increase/twelve-month`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). An increase may take effect no earlier than 12 months after the last increase for that tenant, or 12 months after the tenancy began if there has been none, counted to the same day of the month (the month's last day if it has no such day). An agreed increase for added parking or another prescribed service is not counted. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 119: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 123: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - When a notice counts as given (`ltb/service/deemed-given`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code takes the day a notice counts as given from how it was delivered. Handed to the person or to an apparently adult person in the unit, left in the mailbox or where mail is usually delivered, slid under the door or through the mail slot, faxed, or emailed: the same day. Mailed by Canada Post (including registered mail) or sent by Xpresspost: the fifth day after mailing; the code never uses an earlier delivery date. Given to a courier: the next day, or if that day is a holiday, the next day that is not. For the courier rule the code treats as holidays every Saturday and Sunday, the holidays in s. 88 of the Legislation Act, 2006 with its substitution rules, the Civic Holiday, September 30, and the next weekday after any of these that falls on a weekend; a longer list can only make the date later. Email is refused unless the person agreed in writing to email service. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 191: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rules 3.1 and 3.9: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rule 1.1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 88: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form N4 (updated September 21, 2026): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Notices%20of%20Termination%20%26%20Instructions/N4_Instructions.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Tenant applications: how much the LTB can order, and when a lawyer is offered (`ltb/tenant/money`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The LTB can order at most the greater of CAD 10,000 and the Small Claims Court limit, which is CAD 50,000; the code flags any amount sought above CAD 50,000. Separately, as Mithril's own routing and not a legal limit, the code offers a lawyer when the amount sought is CAD 5,000 or more. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 207(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - O. Reg. 626/00 (Small Claims Court Jurisdiction and Appeal Limit), made under the Courts of Justice Act, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/000626 (current to 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form T6 (August 2023): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T6_Instructions.html - Tenant applications: time limits (`ltb/tenant/time-limits`, version 2). Not verified yet (preview). T2 and T6: within one year after the conduct occurred (s. 29(2)); for a repair problem that has been fixed, one year after the date it was fixed, and while it is not fixed the code gives no deadline; for continuing T2 conduct the code counts from when it started, the earliest deadline. T1: within one year after the money was collected or kept (s. 135(4)). T5 for a bad-faith N12 or N13: within one year after moving out (s. 57(2)). T5 for a refused right to move back in: the later of two years after moving out and six months after the renovations were finished (s. 57.1(2)). One year is counted to the same calendar date. When that day is a Saturday, a Sunday or a holiday listed in s. 88 of the Legislation Act, 2006, the deadline is the next day that is none of these (RTA s. 193, LTB Rules 1.1 and 1.14, Legislation Act s. 89(1)). Days the code treats as holidays only to be careful elsewhere, such as the Civic Holiday and September 30, never extend a deadline. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 29: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 135: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 57.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Instructions for Form T1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T1_Instructions.html - Instructions for Form T5 (updated September 21, 2026): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T5_Instructions.html (version of 2026-09-21) - Instructions for Form T6 (August 2023): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T6_Instructions.html - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 89: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - Legislation Act, 2006, s. 88: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06l21 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 193: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rules 1.12 to 1.16: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Landlord and Tenant Board Rules of Procedure, Rule 1.1: https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Rules/LTB-Rules_of_Procedure.html (current to 2026-09-21) - Tenant applications: which form fits (`ltb/tenant/which-application`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The code maps each issue to one application. Repairs and maintenance: T6 (s. 29(1), para. 1). Vital services withheld, substantial interference with reasonable enjoyment, harassment or interference, locks changed without a key, illegal entry: T2 (s. 29(1), paras. 2 to 6). Rent or charges collected illegally, a last month's deposit not applied or returned, N12 or N13 compensation not paid: T1 (s. 135). A notice under s. 48, 49 or 50 given in bad faith, or a refused right to move back in after renovations: T5 (ss. 57, 57.1), for former tenants only. The fee is CAD 48 through the Tribunals Ontario Portal and CAD 53 otherwise, per application. - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 29: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 20(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 135: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 57: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, s. 57.1: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06r17 (current to 2026-09-18) - Form T1, Tenant Application for a Rebate (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T1.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Form T2, Application about Tenant Rights (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T2.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Form T5, Tenant Application – Landlord Gave a Notice of Termination in Bad Faith (2026/09): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T5.pdf (version of 2026-09-18) - Form T6, Tenant Application about Maintenance (v. 01/04/2022): https://tribunalsontario.ca/documents/ltb/Tenant%20Applications%20%26%20Instructions/T6.pdf (version of 2022-05-25) - Tribunals Ontario, Landlord and Tenant Board: Forms, filing and fees: https://tribunalsontario.ca/ltb/forms-filing-and-fees/ ### Small claims - Small Claims Court: the monetary limit (`small-claims/monetary-limit`, version 1). Not verified yet (preview). The Small Claims Court has jurisdiction in an action for the payment of money where the amount claimed, exclusive of interest and costs, does not exceed the prescribed amount (CJA s. 23(1)(a)). The prescribed maximum is CAD 50,000 (O. Reg. 626/00, s. 1(1)). The code compares the amount the person enters, which the form asks them to give without interest and costs, with CAD 50,000. CAD 50,000 or less: within the limit. More: over it. No amount: not assessed. Within the limit, or not assessed, the answer sends the person to makethempay.ca, which owns Small Claims (D18); nothing else about Small Claims procedure is stated on mithril.law. Over the limit, it hands to a lawyer. Wording shown ({amount} as CAD): - within: "{amount} is within the Small Claims Court's limit of CAD 50,000, not counting interest and costs. makethempay.ca takes you through the rest." - over: "{amount} is over the Small Claims Court's limit of CAD 50,000, not counting interest and costs. A claim for more is outside that court; the Superior Court of Justice has general jurisdiction. Talk to a lawyer about your options." - unknown: "The Small Claims Court hears claims up to CAD 50,000, not counting interest and costs. makethempay.ca takes you through the rest." - Courts of Justice Act, s. 23(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c43#BK41 (current to 2026-09-18) - Small Claims Court Jurisdiction and Appeal Limit, O. Reg. 626/00, s. 1(1): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/000626 (current to 2026-09-18) - Courts of Justice Act, s. 11(2): https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90c43#BK14 (current to 2026-09-18) ## Do this through the API - `rules_search` and `rule_get` (REST `GET /api/v1/rules`, `GET /api/v1/rules/{id}`): the register as data. - `receipt_verify` (REST `POST /api/v1/receipts/verify`): check a receipt. - MCP server: https://mithril.law/mcp (Streamable HTTP, protocol 2026-07-28; 2025-era clients also work). - REST: https://mithril.law/api/v1 ([OpenAPI](https://mithril.law/openapi.json)). - For agents: [llms.txt](https://mithril.law/llms.txt) and the [developer docs](https://mithril.law/agents.md).